Controlled atmosphere refers to the practice of modifying the composition of air surrounding perishable goods during transportation and storage to extend their shelf life and maintain quality. This technique involves regulating temperature, humidity, and gas concentrations within the storage environment to slow down the ripening process, inhibit microbial growth, and prevent decay. By carefully controlling the atmospheric conditions, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene levels, controlled atmosphere technology helps preserve the freshness and quality of perishable products, particularly fruits, vegetables, and other sensitive goods, throughout the supply chain.